International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research

The Effect of Inhalation of Fumes from Esbiothrin Based Mosquito Coil on Some Renal Function Markers and Hematological Parameters in Male Wistar Rats

Okeke Chioma Blessing *

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Oladejo Afees Adebayo

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Metu Mary Cynthia Dumebi

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Ndubueze Ifeanyi Kennedy

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Ayo Ebunolorun Ibukunoluwa

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

---

Abstract

Esbiothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid with quick activity used in public health against mosquitoes, houseflies, ectoparasites and cockroaches as well as agricultural applications. These coils and the inhalation of their fumes have been reported and proved to cause grave consequences to the respiratory tract majorly. Hence, this current study was aimed at assessing the renal and hematological effect of inhalation of fumes from esbiothrin based mosquito coil using experimental animal models. Ten (10) male wistar albino rats were divided into two (2) groups (A and F) of five rats each. Rats in group A were named control and were therefore not exposed to esbiothrin based mosquito coil fumes while group F animals were named test group and were exposed to esbiothrin based mosquito coil fumes for about 6 hours per day, five (5) days per week for four (4) weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood was collected from each rat for the hematological analysis of Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC), Packed Cell Volume and platelets Count using automated hematology analyzer and also for the analysis of some renal function markers (urea and creatinine). Result revealed that test group had a significant decrease (p>0.05) in urea level while there was no significant difference in the creatinine levels. Results further showed a significant decrease (p>0.05) in the WBC count, RBC count, PCV and PLT count.  Results from this study indicates that esbiothrin based mosquito coil fumes, though considered the least toxic insecticide, are very capable of causing harm.

Keywords: Esbiothrin, mosquito coil, hematology, renal function

---

---

---

References

Santos CF, Silva AC, Rodrigues RA, Sanndy J, Jesus RD, Borges M. Inventory of mosquitoes (diptera: Culicidae) in conservation units in Brazilian tropical dry forests. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo (Journal of the Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo). 2015;57(3):227-232.

Garba S, Adelaiye A, Mshelia L. Histopathological and biochemical changes in the rat’s kidney following exposure to a pyrethroid based mosquito coil. The Journal of Applied Science Research. 2007;3:1788-1793.

United States Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA). General Information about mosquitoes; 2021.

Available:https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/general-information-about-mosquitoes

National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC). Mosquitoes; 2019. Available:http://npic.orst.edu/pest/mosquito/index.html

Hogarh NJ, Thomas PA, Emmanuel DJ, Silas WA, Julius NF, Kwasi O. Environmental health risks and benefits of the use of mosquito coils as malaria prevention and control strategy. Malaria Journal. 2018;17:265.

Anyabolu AE, Ezejindu DN, Obinwa BN. Evaluation of toxic effect of D-alletrin based mosquito’s coil on the lungs and selected haematological parameters of adult wistar rats. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;23(4):9-19.

Agrawal A, Yadav AK, Singh R. Ameliorating effects of garlic oil against mosquito coil induced histopathological changes in rat kidney. International Journal of Pharma and Biosciences. 2013;4(2):1112-1116.

WHO. Health Aspects of Air Pollution With Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide: Report on a WHO Working Group; 2003. Available:http://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf_file/0005/112199/E79097.

Midouhas E, Kokosi T, Flouri E. The quality of air outside and inside the home: Associations with emotional and behavioural problem scores in early childhood. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:406.

Elehinafe FB, Okedere OB, Adesanmi AJ, Jimoh EM. Assessment of indoor levels of carbon monoxide emission from smoldering mosquito coils used in Nigeria. Environmental Health Insights. 2022;16:1–6.

Taylor ET, Nakai S. The levels of toxic air pollutants in kitchens with traditional stoves in rural Sierra Leone. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2012;03:1353-1363.

Taylor ET, Wirmvem MJ, Sawyerr VH, Nakai S. Diurnal concentrations and variation of carbon monoxide in indoor and outdoor air of residential homes in Western Sierra Leone. Environmental Pollution. 2015;4:10-18.

Ogoma SB, Moore SJ, Maia MF. A systematic review of mosquito coils and passive emanators: Defining recommendations for spatial repellency testing methodologies. Parasite Vectors. 2012;5:287.

Huang Y, Wang J, Chen Y. Household PM2.5 pollution in rural Chinese homes: Levels, dynamic characteristics and seasonal variations. Science of the Total Environment: 2022;817:153085.

Taylor ET, Beah J, Barrie M, James MS, Kaitibi D, Sannoh A. Characterizing emission of particulate matter from combusting different products of mosquito coils. JSM Environmental Science & Ecology. 2017;5(4):1054.

Damiati SA. A pilot study to assess kidney functions and toxic dimethylarginines as risk biomarkers in women with low vitamin D levels. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2019;38(2):145-152.

Abdrabouh EA. Susceptibility of young and adult rat kidney to impacts of mosquito coil fumes. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2021;8(1):1-11.

Stoppler MC. Definition of urea; 2021.

Available:https://www.rxlist.com/urea/definition.html

Shivaraj G, Prakash S, Sonal N, Vinayak K. Markers of renal function tests. North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;2(4):170-173.

Ambardekar N. What is a blood urea? 2021.

Available:https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-urea-nitrogen-test

Hui L, Shaik AH, Daoud A, Suliman YA, Umeshareen S, Hamzah AHA, Narendra M. Induced alteration of rat erythrocyte membrane with effect of pyrethroid based compounds. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020;27(12):3669-3675.

Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Maillard N, Krzesinski JM, Mariat C, Cristol JP, Pieroni L. Creatinine. Annales de Biologie Clinique, the official Journal of the French Society of Clinical Biology (SFBC). 2010;68:531-543.

Edmund L, David J. Kidney function tests. In: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic. 2016:797-808.

Higuera V. White blood cell count; 2018.

Available:https://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count

Access on 16th January, 2022

Saka WA, Akhigbe RE, Azeez OM, Babatunde TR. Effects of pyrethroid insecticide exposure on hematological and hemaostatic profiles in rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2011;14(22):1024-1027.

Oladejo AA, Osukoya O. Hematological profiles of naturally infected pigs treated with Bridelia ferruginea leaf extracts. Asian Hematology Research Journal. 2021;4(2):1-10.

Cafasso J. Red blood cell count; 2018.

Available:https://www.healthline.com/health/rbc-count

Ezeigwe OC, Oladejo AA, Iloanya EL. The impact of Citrus aurantium fruit juice on bodyweight and haematological parameters of wistar rats. International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology. 2022;5(2):56-67.

Dean L. Blood groups and red cell antigens. National Center for Biotecnology Information (NCBI). Chapter 1: Blood and the cells it contains; 2016.

Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2263/table/ch1.T1/

Oladejo AA, Onwubuya EI, Okafor CS, Okeke CB, Ikimi CG, Okeke CM. Blood cells formative properties of B. pinnatum in chronic inflammatory disorders: an experience with wistar rats. International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology. 2022;5(2):274-279.

Nall R. Hematocrit test. 2018.

Available:https://www.healthline.com/health/hematocrit

Kamal SM, Khan A, Rizvi F, Sadeeq UR. Effect of cypermethrin on clinico- hematological parameters in rabbits. Paulistsan Veterinary Journal. 2007;27(4):171-175.

Billet H. Haemoglobin and haematocrit. In: Clinical Methods: the physical and laboratory examinations. 3rd edition. 2003:110.

Gropper MD. Thrombocytopenia. In: Miller’s Science and Analysis. 2020:112.

Martina E. Platelets count. Haemtologica. 2011;96(1):10-13.